related to the child’s motor activity
logical and flexible
abstract
rigid and influenced by appearances
2 (5 points) The ability to mentally retrace steps of an operation is known as
transductive reasoning
animistic thinking
inductive reasoning
reversibility of thought
3 (5 points) Horizontal decalage refers to
development through the four major Piagetian stages
development within a stage
the tendency to focus on width rather than height in conservation tasks
children’s development of a skill across all content areas simultaneously
4 (5 points) In some cultures, children are accustomed to dividing their toys, treats, and drinks for equal distribution with each other. these children acquire conservation
early
at the same time as other children
late
with no evidence of horizontal decalage
5 (5 points) Grouping related items together is a memory strategy known as
organization
elaboration
rehearsal
listening
6 (5 points) Margaret shows exceptional talent in drawing and sculpting, able to recreate entire scenes and landscapes from memory. According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, Margaret has particular strengths in _____ intelligence.
linguistic
logico-mathematical
spacial
bodily-kinesthetic
7 (5 points) A test that asks children to name as many uses of a brick as they can is tapping
crystallized thinking
simultaneous processing
convergent thinking
divergent thinking
8 (5 points) Kevinhas an above-average IQ, but struggles with reading. Kevin
is probably just not trying hard enough in school
has mental retardation
has a learning disability
has a behavior disorder
9 (5 points) Mainstreaming refers to
placing pupils with learning difficulties into regular classrooms
placing physically, but not mentally, disabled children in regular classrooms
ability grouping
placing all same-age students into regular classrooms regardless of type or severity of their problems
10 (5 points) Recent research indicates that American school teachers emphasize
abstract thinking
analysis and synthesis of new information
applying ideas and concepts to real-life situations
rote memory and repetitive drills
11 (5 points) A child who energetically pursues meaningful achievement in his or her culture is exhibiting
coregulation
inferiority
industriousness
perspective taking
12 (5 points) Theo’s grandmother wants to make sure he successfully resolves Erikson’s psychosocial conflict of middle childhood. She should give Theo opportunities to
build trust in others
learn to initiate conversations with girls
become more empathic
develop competence at useful skills
13 (5 points) Which of the following statements accurately reflects the change in self-description that typically occurs between ages 8 and 11?
They emphasize competencies when describing themselves
Children will describe positive, but not negative, traits
Children tend to describe themselves by focusing on specific behaviors
They are more likely to describe themselves in unrealistically positive ways
14 (5 points) George Herbert Mead described the self as
Our image of who we would like to be
A blend of what important people in our lives think of us
A unique perception that has nothing to do with what others think
Based on social comparisons
15 (5 points) According to Harter,
self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure by first grade
all four separate self-esteems make equal contributions to general self-esteem
academic competence weighs as much as the other three self-esteems combined
physical appearance contributes most to general self-worth in middle childhood
16 (5 points) Compared to children in America, children in Japan and Taiwan score _____ in academic achievement and _____ in self-esteem
lower; higher
higher; lower
higher; higher
lower; lower
17 (5 points) Which statement about the self-esteem of American young people is true?
American cultural values have de-emphasized a focus on self-esteem
In spite of lower achievement and more adjustment problems, self-esteem has risen sharply
Compared with previous generations, the self-esteem of American young people has dropped sharply
Children benefit from compliments, even when they are not based upon real attainments
18 (5 points) Learned-helpless children
do not develop the metacognitive skills necessary for high achievement
are more likely to see the connection between effort and success
attribute their failures to bad luck
are more persistent than other children
19 (5 points) Attribution retraining
is easily done with children of any age, no matter how low their self-esteem
should be taught in middle childhood, before children’s views of themselves become hard to change
is only effective if done during the preschool years
is most effective with high schoo students who are able to think abstractly
20 (5 points) Emotional self-efficacy is
the capacity to imagine what other people are thinking and feeling
a feeling of being in control of one’s emotional experience
the ability to understand and respond sympathetically to the feelings of others
the ability to resist an impulse to engage in socially disapproved of behavior